“I will not accept just any traveller's tale solely on the grounds that I have not made the journey myself” (Chinua Achebe)
Salvador de Bahia in the Northeast of Brazil was founded in 1549 by Portuguese governor-general Tome de Souza and has been the country’s first capital until 1763. It has nearly 3 Million inhabitants and is the third biggest city of Brazil. The sugar, which grows here, made it a sought-after place, as it was a luxury good in Europe at that time. Salvador has been the center of slave trade in order to get workers for the plantations. Most of the slaves back then came from West Africa. Therefore the city has got the highest black, respectively mixed population within the country and is due to its “African feel” often referred to as “Black Rome of Brazil” by guides promoting travels in this area.
Salvador was my last destination before coming back home after more than one and a half years of travelling. Every year the street carnival in Salvador attracts heaps of tourists from all over the world and the rumors about this party and especially the Brazilian mentality made me exited to see the place myself.
The reality of Salvador is surreal. It is a popular tourist destination and surely represents what tourists stereotyped look for: sun, samba, spiritual enlightenment and sex – and maybe some culture. The historical city centre Pelourinho, which is full of colorful old buildings in Renaissance style and little picturesque churches, is a UNESCO world heritage site. It has been lavishly restored and bursts full of tourists. Wherever you go there are places to get rastas, shops were ethnic handicrafts is flogged for cheap, locals sitting on the street in pomp folkloric dresses selling regional food and it all seems very artificial. A friend from Germany once used to mock stereotyping in saying “Sista, you must know how to sing, since you are black!”, which I am obviously not color wise, still people see me like that due to my multiethnic background. But the fact that people seriously bought T-Shirts with a black, stoned person saying “No stress!” in Portuguese without questioning the meaning behind them or worse, that a person sits there the whole day having to sell them for a living to tourists walking around in safari hats and trekking boots as if Brazilian asphalt was less stable than European was simply odd. I already felt alienated from Germany and my friends as I have been away for a long time and now I felt alienated as well from the hordes of tourists. I was tired of these tourists’ places and felt the need to distance myself. I certainly didn’t belong there. Still, sometimes I dreamt about being able to buy a trip to somewhere or residing in a fancy hotel once. I ask myself now if my experience would’ve been alike if only I had the means or wouldn’t have been so sensitized due to my background. Can I even blame anyone, respectively put myself on a high horse? I came for the biggest street carnival in the world and “the amazing people”, which is a rather superficial thing to say as well and further shows my own preconceived image of this area. But is it even necessary to be deep whilst travelling? I came to Brazil with a certain anonymity since I had the freedom of a traveler. I therefore didn’t know anyone and wasn’t used to the system wherefore it is also more easy to judge as I reflect on what I see with what I know from back home. The fact that I am half Nigerian and that Brazil is a multiethnic country made it possible to “hide” the traveler’s status most of the time. As long as I didn’t open my mouth to reveal my foreignness, I for the first time in my life looked as if I could belong somewhere without doubt. Thus I was treated differently than other tourists. Often I felt freer in various occasions such as mingling in with the locals in a supposedly more dangerous area. I had a feeling of belonging and being able to live out sides of me I could not so much back in Germany, because they fitted more into this new area, such as in wearing an African head wrap. Yet it was awkward, how my closest friend whom I travelled with stressed this allegedly connecting factor as well at times (“You are half black, of course you have it easier to dance samba.”) or some kids on the street just said “blackee power”. It somehow even seemed posh for intellectual blacks there to associate with Africa, to learn an African language for instance. I realized, that this was rather an artificially created connection human beings search for in order to make them feel belonging (imagined community ) as I also had this connection with a random old guy I met in Southern Brazil who told me in a very ancient German dialect that his parents were German and was thrilled to tell me this. Our connection could have also been religion or something else of course. Being a European furthermore put me in a privileged position, as it there is culturally very accepted to go abroad and even often promoted as a means to “find yourself”.
I had couchsurfed the last months before coming there, which means that I lived together with locals who offer a place to sleep gratuitously. Even though it is a very rewarding, in my opinion one of the most authentic experiences of travelling as you get to see the place from the perspective of a local and not have the comfort of being in a hotel or a fake home such as in hostels where you are around with only other tourists, after a while there was a feeling of having overused other peoples hospitality- a gut feeling of only being a guest and wanting to change that. I didn’t want to depend on anyone else anymore and have stopped to care about sights or new places anymore. All I wanted was to do nothing but living a regular life, working, applying for university and most important really knowing the area I am living in. Through an acquaintance I got to know Francilene, who offered me to sleep at her place for some change. Her house soon became a home and even though sometimes I felt alienated from my local friends (“No, I am not bringing you to the airport…you will forget about me anyway.”) at least with the two of us it did not matter where we both came from. We were friends, which further helped me to be in the area. F. was very spiritual –such as most of the people in Salvador. She believed in Candomble, which is a polytheistic religion popular in the region, in a nutshell, a reinterpretation of Catholicism by the West African slaves. We lived within walking distance of the historical centre but already in a different world. Her house was just as beautiful as the restored ones, but there were hardly any tourists around as it was not designated to be a tourist area. She taught me Portuguese and I tried my best in replying in English as learning English was one of her biggest aims, wherefore she also attended a course besides working in politics, graduating in journalism, being active in the local feminist movement and urban development. I admired Francileni for her strength as she was growing up in the favela and went trough many struggles in life in order to get where she is now. She always seemed to feel the need to prove herself and tried to life a European, good life. Thus, she didn’t pay off the house with three bathrooms yet, but only having it seemed to really satisfy her.
It was strange, that even though she was much older than me and way more educated, she still looked up to me and my friends because of where we come from and the fact we speak English. I often had the feeling that just because of my European background she expected way more that I could offer. In doing so, she made me feel superior, which I knew I was not at all. She also always mentioned that she would like to go to Europe to “get herself a western man”, since they were “more well mannered and better in bed” than the local ones, which is according to her generally the same case with “African men”. If this doesn’t work out, then at least she would want a man of high status. This often left me with a bitter aftertaste, as I couldn’t understand how a women, who is theoretically that educated could say things like that and thus approve of the situation she criticizes and she herself had to struggle with a lot in life herself. Sometimes she wouldn’t even let my friends, whom I really trusted, enter the house, as she saw them as “guys from the street”. However, Francileni resembles the social dilemma of the people in which you can strongly see the impact of colonial structures in Salvador. It shows in the way many tourists behave towards the natives and vice versa. I often have been asked by complete strangers to write down my email address, as a child for example would like to get in contact with me in order to do an exchange with a German school- it seemed as if it was clear anyway that this was not going to happen. Still, Europe is this kind of dreamland for them. Further, many tourists looked for subtle prostitution and local people often are semiprofessional gringa(Westerner) hunters, in order to get money or beer or simply to walk down the street with a white girl. The main goal here is to one day also go to Europe. Postcolonial structures are even visible in the racism within the locals. Even though the Brazilian constitution of 1988 stresses the “wellbeing of all, without prejudice as to origin, race, sex, color, age” and there is a lot done, even on a local level to tackle racism, blacks are disadvantaged. The blacker you are, the more difficult it also is to get a good job or to be paid adequately. Furthermore it is harder to afford a private school, wherefore poor children attend the public ones that don’t prepare them for higher education. Consequently, to complete the vicious circle, the ones who live in run-down neighborhoods are mostly black or mixed. In Salvador this clash gets clear when looking at the Human Development Index of various neighborhoods published by the United Nations Development program, which sometimes resembles that of Norway for example, but in other cases grinding poor countries. Blacks seldom get represented in media and if they do so in a positive way, than mostly in soccer such as Pele who is the national soccer idol. The same thing can be seen in the various NGOs around Salvador, where all children can learn is dancing, playing an instrument or soccer. These are all nice things, but limit them as well to choose other options.
The concept of Orientalism by Edward Said is a style of thinking- “a way of coming to terms with the Orient that is based on European (Western) experience” (Said, 2003, 1). When applying it to the area of Salvador and its people instead of the Orient, it would be about having preconceived images of this area, which are distinctive from where I come from. No one can free him/herself from having those. The way I came to terms with Salvador was based on a comparably authentic, less European experience. Still, I could be considered an Orientalist, as according to Said everyone who writes about the Orient is one (Said, 2002, 2). Salvador further helped me “define” myself, but not as my contrasting image such as in the Orientalism Said describes (Said, 2003, 2), but because of the similarities I saw and the sense of belonging I felt, which still is an imagination. But also the locals I could be considered Orientalists, as they define themselves through framing this colonial, racist -or in the case of Francileni sexist- image. It seems to me that people often behave in a certain way as if they think it is their role to do so. This role, this creation of who we are and the distinction between ourselves and the other forms as we grow up, by the people surrounding us, the news we watch and many other mediums.
It is difficult to describe Salvador and when somebody asks me how it “is” I often get sparing with words, because I know beforehand that I am condemned to fail to describe this place. While writing and reflecting on all the readings, I start to see certain things in a different light. I have been there as a backpacker, now I am a privileged University student. I look back onto a still familiar area, but in a completely different light and with academic articles in mind which didn’t have anything to do with my experience back then. I don’t know the real place. I even have the feeling that my Salvador changed while researching for this essay. It changed while I try to write sophisticated. I don’t know where I belong and I don’t think that it really matters. I realized that people are very influenced by their surroundings and that the perception of reality, respectively how we value certain things, changes thereby. For me, Salvador is a paradise, Francileni however sees it in the German Alps for example, which shows how we value certain things completely differently due to our background. Was I for instance only amazed by the happiness of the people in the favela, ‘a place of romance, exotic beings, haunting memories and landscapes and remarkable experiences’ (Said, 2003, 1), because I was indoctrinated with all these romanticised images of poverty such as in the tour guides mentioned before, or was that my real experience? Or did I have to see beauty in it as a form of sophisticated, western rebellion towards western media which nearly always shows the dodgy side of it? I now question, why I stressed the socio-cultural aspects that much and feel like the biggest Orientalist, coming from a developed country and feel able to label and blame. Can I for example blame the gringa hunters for being perfect scammers when I look at the way they grew up? There would have been myriads of other topics to focus on for this essay, challenging Said for example, such as how despite of the racism people of the favelas join together to help each other and thereby not frame the image of them being the silenced subaltern. The people I wrote about as well as the area have many different facets. I decided to leave them out for the sake of meeting a standard and apparently as the facets mention were most important to me, personally. It feels as if I am not doing them justice. Area Studies makes me question my whole experience and I realize, that I can only describe Salvador from my viewpoint. As I reflect on it, it all comes down to experience and feelings when describing Salvador. I felt real there and the people I where with as well.
Chinua Achebe is right when he stresses the importance of “making the journey” yourself. To have Orientalism in mind in order to keep questioning your own perception and as well how and why you and others can be “blind” (Achebe) at times is essential. Maybe it is good to not be satisfied with the description of others or an area as mentioned in the above. It shows how necessary it is to experience a place and people, instead of just “dealing with it (them)” (Said, 2003, p.2). This is the only possibility to get at least a little closer to the reality of an area I thought I knew so well, but which is so fragile that it for me changes even while I am writing about it.